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Citizenship in ancient Rome was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. In the Roman Republic and later in the Roman Empire, people residing within the Roman state could roughly be divided into several classes: *A male Roman citizen enjoyed a wide range of privileges and protections defined in detail by the Roman state. A citizen could, under certain exceptional circumstances, be deprived of his citizenship. *Roman women had a limited form of citizenship. Though held in high regard they were not allowed to vote or stand for civil or public office. The rich might participate in public life by funding building projects or sponsoring religious ceremonies and other events. Women had the right to own property, to engage in business, and to obtain a divorce, but their legal rights varied over time. Marriages were an important form of political alliance during the Republic. *Client state citizens and allies ''(socii)'' of Rome could receive a limited form of Roman citizenship such as the Latin Right. Such citizens could not vote or be elected in Roman elections.〔Hans Volkmann: Municipium. In: Der Kleine Pauly. vol. 3, Stuttgart 1969, col. 1464–1469.〕 *Slaves were considered property and lacked legal personhood. Over time, they acquired a few protections under Roman law. Some slaves were freed by manumission for services rendered, or through a testamentary provision when their master died. Once free, they faced few barriers, beyond normal social snobbery, to participating in Roman society. The principle that a person could become a citizen by law rather than birth was enshrined in Roman mythology; when Romulus defeated the Sabines in battle, he promised the war captives that in Rome they could become citizens.〔Plutarch, ''Life of Romulus'' 16.4.〕 *Freedmen were former slaves who had gained their freedom. They were not automatically given citizenship and lacked some privileges such as running for executive magistracies. The children of freedmen and women were born as free citizens; for example, the father of the poet Horace was a freedman. ==Rights== The rights available to individual citizens of Rome varied over time, according to their place of origin, and their service to the state. They also varied under Roman law according to the classification of the individual within the state. Various legal classes were defined by the individual legal rights that they enjoyed. However, the possible rights available to citizens with whom Roman law addressed are: *''Ius suffragiorum'': The right to vote in the Roman assemblies. *''Ius honorum'': The right to stand for civil or public office. *''Ius commercii'': The right to make legal contracts and to hold property as a Roman citizen. *''Ius gentium'': The legal recognition, developed in the 3rd century BC, of the growing international scope of Roman affairs, and the need for Roman law to deal with situations between Roman citizens and foreign persons. The ''jus gentium'' was therefore a Roman legal codification of the widely accepted international law of the time, and was based on highly developed commercial law of the Greek city-states and of other maritime powers. The rights afforded by the ''jus gentium'' were considered to be held by all persons; it is thus a concept of human rights rather than rights attached to citizenship. *''Ius conubii'': The right to have a lawful marriage with a Roman citizen according to Roman principles, to have the legal rights of the paterfamilias over the family, and to have the children of any such marriage be counted as Roman citizens. *''Ius migrationis'': The right to preserve one's level of citizenship upon relocation to a polis of ''comparable'' status. For example, members of the ''cives romani'' (see below) maintained their full ''civitas'' when they migrated to a Roman colony with full rights under the law: a ''colonia civium Romanorum''. ''Latins'' also had this right, and maintained their ''ius Latii'' if they relocated to a different Latin state or Latin colony (''Latina colonia''). This right did ''not'' preserve one's level of citizenship should one relocate to a colony of ''lesser'' legal status; full Roman citizens relocating to a ''Latina colonia'' were reduced to the level of the ''ius Latii'', and such a migration and reduction in status had to be a voluntary act. *The right of immunity from some taxes and other legal obligations, especially local rules and regulations.〔(Catholic Resources )〕 *The right to sue in the courts and the right to be sued. *The right to have a legal trial (to appear before a proper court and to defend oneself). *The right to appeal from the decisions of magistrates and to appeal the lower court decisions. *Following the early 2nd-century BC Porcian Laws, a Roman citizen could not be tortured or whipped and could commute sentences of death to voluntary exile, unless he was found guilty of treason. *If accused of treason, a Roman citizen had the right to be tried in Rome, and even if sentenced to death, no Roman citizen could be sentenced to die on the cross. Roman citizenship was required in order to enlist in the Roman legions, but this was sometimes ignored. Citizen soldiers could be beaten by the centurions and senior officers for reasons related to discipline. Non-citizens joined the Auxilia and gained citizenship through service. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Roman citizenship」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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